Free Essays on Six Character Of Virtue

Aristotle six characters of virtue are the Godlike-Divine, Bestial, Virtuous, Vice, Continent and Incontinent. Extra- credit I can sincerely tell you that during my formidable years. I had a rather incontinent disposition. As a young boy, 7 thru 13 years of age, I was a follower, easily influenced by my so called friends. Moreover, I was also exposed to external situations in which temptation would always win the battle. I remember one time; I played hooky with my friends, we went down by the Hudson River and we all jumped in for a swim. But before I jumped in the water, I can clearly remember my mother telling me not to dare jump in the river because a boy had just drowned not to long ago,† but despite my mother’s advise, I didn’t want my friends to think that I was a chicken, so I jumped in the river. And so, there were many more episodes of stupidity and carelessness on my part and all for the sake of wanting to be like the kids on the block. My intractable behavior often landed me in lots of trouble in school, in the neighborhood and at home, unnecessarily. I guess, I wanted to be like the neighborhood kids, I wanted to be accepted and popular with them, and at times, I felt popular and accepted among my peers at the time. Fortunately, I really never got into serious trouble that would rise to the level juvenile delinquency but it was serious enough to get my parent’s attention and I can tell you that I paid the price for my mischievous acts. I count my blessings that I had good parents that provided a loving home and structure in my life. The decisions tha t I made was, certainly, no reflection on their parenting skills but rather decisions that I made on my own for what ever reason they were at the time. Too their credit, it was their persistence that kept me in line and not to continue in destructive path like some of the so called friends winded up. Nonetheless, as I reached my teen years, I began to realize th... Free Essays on Six Character Of Virtue Free Essays on Six Character Of Virtue Aristotle six characters of virtue are the Godlike-Divine, Bestial, Virtuous, Vice, Continent and Incontinent. Extra- credit I can sincerely tell you that during my formidable years. I had a rather incontinent disposition. As a young boy, 7 thru 13 years of age, I was a follower, easily influenced by my so called friends. Moreover, I was also exposed to external situations in which temptation would always win the battle. I remember one time; I played hooky with my friends, we went down by the Hudson River and we all jumped in for a swim. But before I jumped in the water, I can clearly remember my mother telling me not to dare jump in the river because a boy had just drowned not to long ago,† but despite my mother’s advise, I didn’t want my friends to think that I was a chicken, so I jumped in the river. And so, there were many more episodes of stupidity and carelessness on my part and all for the sake of wanting to be like the kids on the block. My intractable behavior often landed me in lots of trouble in school, in the neighborhood and at home, unnecessarily. I guess, I wanted to be like the neighborhood kids, I wanted to be accepted and popular with them, and at times, I felt popular and accepted among my peers at the time. Fortunately, I really never got into serious trouble that would rise to the level juvenile delinquency but it was serious enough to get my parent’s attention and I can tell you that I paid the price for my mischievous acts. I count my blessings that I had good parents that provided a loving home and structure in my life. The decisions tha t I made was, certainly, no reflection on their parenting skills but rather decisions that I made on my own for what ever reason they were at the time. Too their credit, it was their persistence that kept me in line and not to continue in destructive path like some of the so called friends winded up. Nonetheless, as I reached my teen years, I began to realize th...

Bio-metric technologies are capable of providing the secured way of identification and personal activities to overcome the security issues in the process of Internet banking in banks The WritePass Journal

Bio-metric technologies are capable of providing the secured way of identification and personal activities to overcome the security issues in the process of Internet banking in banks INTRODUCTION: Bio-metric technologies are capable of providing the secured way of identification and personal activities to overcome the security issues in the process of Internet banking in banks INTRODUCTION:GROWTH OF INTERNET BANKING:Rise of Security Attacks in Internet Banking:Various types of possible Security Attacks: Phishing: Malware, Botnets and DDoS Attacks:Viruses:Spyware and Adware:Insider Attacks:Existing counter measures and why they are not effective? :Anti-Phishing Counter measure:Malware, Botnets and DDoS Counter Measures:Viruses, Spyware and Adware Counter Measures:Summary: References:Related INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this literature is to identify whether Bio-metric technologies are capable of providing the secured way of identification and personal activities to overcome the security issues in the process of Internet banking in banks. This literature also discusses about the possible security threats which most affect the online banking and the progress of counter measures taken to overcome the security issues. The main aim of this research is to analyse the capability of Bio-metric technologies and also about the benefits of using Bio-metric technologies for the security purpose in Internet banking. GROWTH OF INTERNET BANKING: According to Aravind Duraiswamy (2009), traditional way of banking requires their customers to visit the banks every time even to perform their basic banking needs like checking their bank account balance. As the usage of Internet becomes popular banks came up with the concept of Internet banking where customers could perform most of the transactions from their homes or anywhere for that matter. The Internet banking application has features that help to meet most of the banking needs of a bank account holder over the internet. A recent paper (Hisamatsu et al, 2010) mentioned that the concept of online banking started in the 1980s and it first became available for client use in 1995. Since then, the number of banks offering online banking services as well as demand for the service has increased. In the UK alone, the number of people using online banking has increased by 174% in just 5 years from 2001 to 2006. In the US, 53 million people, or one out of every 4 adults, used online banking in 2005. According to Lee (2008, p.130-141) However, despite the fact that  online banking provides many advantages, such as faster transaction speed and lower handling fees, there are still a large group of customers who refuse to adopt such services due to uncertainty and security concerns. Binshan et al. (2010) indicates that trust is the â€Å"heart of the system† for online banking. Thus, we can say that internet banking is susceptible to greater sense of insecurity than older banking services and thereby importance of trust is also relatively higher in adoption of internet banking. A review by Michal et al. (2009) mentions that, a high level of perceived risk is considered to be a barrier to propagation of new innovations. Influenced by the imagination-capturing stories of hackers, customers may fear that an unauthorized party will gain access to their online account and serious financial implications will follow. Rise of Security Attacks in Internet Banking: A paper (Zakaria et al, 2009) reported that information security means the protection of information and information systems from illegal and unauthorized access, use, destruction or modification of data or information. However at the same time, information security issues are considered as the major factors affecting the growth of online banking as the fraudulent activities are prominently increasing. Also it has been reported that one-third of account holders who had signed up for e-banking had stopped using it due to unsatisfactory security service or the complexity of using the service. A review by Laerte et al. (2011) indicates that the number of malware and exploits focused on online banking systems vulnerabilities has been steadily growing during past years. Recent reports indicate that banking Trojans were among the 50 main security threats in 2009. While Brazil figures as the source and destination of most of those attacks performed in Latin America. Rachwald (2008, p.11-12)argues that in the physical world attackers are limited by their ability to manipulate physical items like making an extra copy of your account number. In the online world attackers are essentially unlimited in the resources they can bring to bear. A review by Francisco et al. (2010) mentions that, Banking is considered a highly dynamic business, even more so when price reductions or better conditions are offered to customers contracting services over the internet. However some groups of customers are reluctant to use such services. Regarding electronic commerce in general, consumers show more concern about the use of banking services when the amount of money potentially exposed to fraud is significantly larger, than with other types of services or organizations. Various types of possible Security Attacks: Most internet banking fraud occurs in a two-step process. First, the offender must get their hands on the customers account information, like their username and password. Second, the offender will use that information to move his victims money to another account or withdraw it to make fraudulent purchases, which can be found online (Internet Banking Fraud: Why is Online Banking so Popular, 2009). These fraud schemes include, Phishing: Hossain et al. (2011) argues that, Phishing is a web-based attack that allures end users to visit fraudulent websites and give away personal information (e.g., user id, password). The stolen information is the beginning point of many illegitimate activities such as online money laundering. Phishing attacks cost billions of dollars in losses to business organizations and end users. A recent paper (Pravin et al, 2011) argues that, although phishing is a simple social engineering attack, it has proven to be surprisingly effective. Hence, the number of phishing scams is continuing to grow, and the cost of the resulting damages is increasing. One of the main reasons why phishing attacks are possible is because mails can be spoofed easily. Butler (2007, p.517-533) found that a White Paper on Phishing explains that use of the term â€Å"phishing† originates in the term â€Å"password harvesting fishing†. Phishing attacks are popular, as they are relatively inexpensive to launch, while the potential returns for the phisher could be significant. Phishers succeed in their attacks as consumers are not adequately informed about the risks of disclosing their personal details. A review by Gerald et al. (2008) indicates that the term ‘phishing’ has its origins from the analogy that identity thieves are using lures usually in the form of e-mails to ‘fish’ for passwords and financial data from the ‘sea’ of Internet users. As users are getting more aware of the modus operandi of phishing attacks over the Internet, identity thieves are taking measures to deceive the public and to continue harvesting stolen identities online. A variant of phishing that is yielding potent results to these perpetrators is spear-phishing which is more targeted and specific if compared to its predecessor. A review by Petr et al. (2010) mentions that in the Phishing kind of attack, the attacker tries to obtain victims private information like credit card number, passwords or account numbers. It is based on sending bogus e-mails, which pretend to be an official request from victims bank or any other similar institution. These e-mails requests to insert victims private information on referenced page. This page looks similar to official internet banking and the user fills in all requested fields in good faith that all his information will be safe, which leads to the compromising of all of his information. Malware, Botnets and DDoS Attacks: According to Wajeb et al. (2011) nowadays, there is a huge variety of cyber threats that can be quite dangerous not only for big companies but also for an ordinary user, who can be a potential victim for cybercriminals when using unsafe system for entering confidential data, such as login, password, credit card numbers, etc. Among popular computer threats it is possible to distinguish several types depending on the means and ways they are realized. They are: malicious software (malware), DDoS attacks (Distributed Denial-of-Service), botnets. Shrutiet al. (2010) argues that Botnets are the network compromised machines under the control of a human operator. Using botnet attacker can perform various attacks like distributed denial of service (DDoS), email spamming, key logging, click fraud etc. DDoS attack is used to perform overloading in a network or system, so that an authorized user cannot use the service. Starting a distributed denial of service attack needs a whole bunch of machines. According to various sources, its very easy to compromise a computer. As soon as a computer is compromised it can be used to engage in malignant activities. A so called â€Å"Bot is created. One bot as itself cannot be very harmful but as a user gathers a collection of bots and binds them together, the user is creating a â€Å"BotNet which has a much high bandwidth capability. The communication between the bots is using a specific control channel which is owned by the bot herder or bot master (Burkhard et al., 2011, p.22). Malware infects PCs, waits for the user to log onto a list of targeted banks and financial institutions, and then steals their credentials which are sent to a remote server in real time (Gendron, 2010). A recent paper (Shih-Yao et al., 2009) indicates that malware is designed specifically to expose confidential information, such as system data, confidential files and documents, or logon credentials that are stored on the infected computer. With the widespread use of online shopping and Internet banking, the compromises of this nature results in significant financial loss, particularly if credit card information or banking details are exposed. Viruses: Online banking customers are being targeted by international cyber criminals who are using sophisticated computer viruses to empty their accounts. A new version of a well-known Trojan virus has stolen  £675,000 from about 3,000 online customers of an unnamed British bank, according to an internet security company (Griffiths and Harvey, 2010). The cash has been remotely transferred out of the accounts, held by businesses and individuals. The virus checks to see how much money is in the accounts, steals it and shows the customer fake bank balances to cover its tracks, the company said. It uncovered the scale of the theft after penetrating the criminals command-and-control server, which is based in Eastern Europe. The company said that it had informed the financial institution concerned and the police two weeks ago and the attack appeared to be continuing. Zeus v3 is one of a new wave of viruses that often invade consumers machines when they visit legitimate websites, in what is termed a drive-by infection (Griffiths and Harvey, 2010). Burton (2008) identified a Trojan virus labelled SilentBanker. SilentBanker is aptly named because this virus embeds itself on home computers after users have visited random websites and it has the ability to redirect money from customer’s accounts during a normal Internet banking session, all without any outward signs that a virus is at work. And most worrisome of all is that the usual indicators of a secure website; the locked padlock symbol and the letter â€Å"s† in a website address (https :), no longer guarantee that a website is secured. Spyware and Adware: Clutterbuck (2010) highlighted that, Spyware has been described as a software paradigm designed to illicitly collect and distribute targeted consumer information. â€Å"It is difficult to define spyware with precision. The working definition proposed was software that aids in gathering information about a person or organization without their knowledge and which may send such information to another entity without the consumer’s consent, or asserts control over a computer without the consumer’s knowledge.† In the analysis of Aycock (2010, pp.2) Adware can be considered a somewhat less harmful and usually more obvious form of Spyware. Spyware is covert; adware is overt. Just as for Spyware, there are behaviours that could be thought of as being characteristic of adware. Janice et al. (2008) defines Adware, a type of spyware, delivers specific advertisements and offerings, customized for individual users as they browse the web. These advertisements can take the form of pop-up or pop-under ads, web banners, redirected webpages, and spam e-mail. Some adware however, may alter a homepage by hijacking a web browser, or add URLs to bookmarks, to persistently present a competitors website or a look-alike site, disallowing the user web access for his own purposes. According to Janice et al. (2008) personal information such as financial data, passwords, and identification-tagged downloads can be transmitted, without the users knowledge or consent, to the spyware author or third-party sites. These sites can â€Å"phish† for data from user inputs while surfing, banking, and making purchases. The data could then be used to promote gambling, pornography, or fraudulent schemes, such as identity theft, to unsuspecting users. Insider Attacks: (Hui et al., 2010) defines insider and insider threat as â€Å"An insider is a current or former employee, a contractor or a business partner who has or had authorized access and intentionally exceeded that access in a manner that negatively affected the confidentiality, integrity or availability of the organization’s information or information systems’. Fyffe (2008, p.11-14) argues that, In response to the increase in data breaches and the need to monitor and prevent attacks at every level, security professionals are proactively seeking ways to combat the insider threat. Despite this increased focus, internal attacks remain difficult to prevent. The motivation of those behind the breaches can be difficult to identify and the perpetrators often hide in plain sight. In many cases, insider attacks are premeditated and deliberate, but organisations must also recognise that non-malicious insiders can inadvertently access and distribute sensitive information. Existing counter measures and why they are not effective? : (Paget, 2009) argues that financial fraud often starts with the diversion of personal information. A trash or recycling bin, a telephone conversation, or a poorly protected computer can be the starting point for fraud. Businesses are often vulnerable as well. Stolen laptops and data loss can lead to lasting damage to its brand image and heavy financial consequences for the company itself or its customers. In this respect, banks find themselves on the front line. Although it is impossible to completely eliminate the chance of becoming a victim of identity theft, individuals can effectively reduce their risk by following some commonsense recommendations. Anti-Phishing Counter measure: A recent paper (Abdullah and Malcolm, 2009) indicates that there have been different proposed anti-Phishing solutions to mitigate the problem of Phishing. Security toolbars have been used to prevent Phishing attacks such as SpoofStick. There are also anti-Phishing approaches that make users aware of Phishing emails and websites and how to avoid them. The most basic approach is publishing guidelines for the Internet users to follow when they go online. According to (Abdullah and Malcolm, 2009) Anti-Phishing training will make the end-user aware and it will erect an effective barrier against Phishing attempts. Anti-Phishing awareness was shown to have a great positive effect in mitigating the risk of Phishing. There is a variety of anti-Phishing training approaches to make users aware of Phishing emails and websites and to learn how to avoid them. People are vulnerable to phishing attacks because spoofed websites look very similar to legitimate websites. People have trouble identifying phishing sites even in tests in which they have been alerted about the possibility of such attacks. Furthermore, when phishers personalize their emails, they can further increase the likelihood that the attack will be successful. Researchers have developed several technical approaches to countering phishing attacks, including toolbars, email filters, and verified sender addresses. However, these approaches are not foolproof. In a recent study of 10 anti-phishing tools, only one tool was able to correctly identify over 90% of phishing websites, and that tool also incorrectly identified 42% of legitimate websites as fraudulent. Furthermore, while automated phishing detection is improving, phishers continuously adapt their attack techniques to improve their chances of success (Johnny, 2007). According to (Cranor, 2008) with so much of money at stake, the computer security community has been scrambling to develop tech ­nologies to combat phishing, such as filters for e-mail and Web browsers that flag phishing at ­tempts. Although such software has helped stop many attacks, phishers are constantly evolving their tactics to try to stay a step ahead of such technologies. Since phishing plays on human vul ­nerabilities, a successful attack requires a victim to succumb to the lure and take some action and it is also not strictly a technological problem. A review by Ponnurangam et al. (2010) indicates that most anti-phishing research has focused on solving the problem by eliminating the threat or warning users. However, little work has been done on educating people about phishing and other semantic attacks. Educating users about security is challenging, particularly in the context of phishing, because users are not motivated to read about security in general and therefore do not take time to educate themselves about phishing for most users, security is a secondary task (e.g. one does not go to an online banking website to check the SSL implementation of the website, but rather to perform a banking transaction) and it is difficult to teach people to make the right online trust decision. Malware, Botnets and DDoS Counter Measures: Traditional ways of counter-measuring botnets is generally restricted to spotting a central weak point in their infrastructure that can be manipulated, disrupted or blocked. The most common way is to cooperate with an Internet service provider to gain access and shut down the central component, resulting in a loss of control for the botnet owner: The botnet cannot be commanded anymore. Such actions are often performed during emergency response to an ongoing incident like a DDoS attack (Felix et al., 2009). According to (Felix et al., 2009) the most promising approach is to remove the base of a botnet, which is the CC server. Pulling the plug of the command-and-control host allows to extinguish the whole botnet in one go. Unfortunately this is only possible if all of the following conditions are met: 1. The botnet uses a centralized structure 2. The location of the CC server is known 3. The provider cooperates If any one of those conditions is not met, the CC server cannot be removed. A review by Muththolib et al. (2010) mentions that Static Passwords, also the most common type of authentication method used in e-banking websites. It is based on proof knowledge. This type of mechanisms is prone to all type of attacks and usually attacks like capture, replay, guessing or phishing are common and effective attacks. Soft-token Certificate/SSL-TLS,this mechanism conducts mutual authentication between the user terminal and internet banking server, based on the certificates stored on the user’s web browser. The mechanism is prone to malicious software attacks such as key logger screen captures and also allows access to the user’s certificate stored on the browser which would also result in identity theft Muththolib et al. (2010). Hard-token Certificate/SSL-TLS:in this mechanism it uses a token for the authentication process. This mechanism is prone to token attack tools, malicious software attacks and also these tokens can be stolen. One-time Password/Time-b ased Code Generator: in this mechanism a one-time password is generated by a random calculator, using a seed that is pre shared between a PIN protected user’s device and the Internet Banking Server. This mechanism is also prone to number of attacks including device theft. Viruses, Spyware and Adware Counter Measures: (Miko, 2010) argues that using trusted HW deviceslikeHW calculators, HW password generators, smart cardreaders, mobile phonewill help to block the viruses. Assume that the computer is under attacker control (e.g. via Trojan Horse). Using alternate channel (OOB – out of band) SMS messages, phone calls will help to overcome from the attack. Assume that all the communication computer ↔Internet is under attacker control. According to (Kishore, 2009) to protect the systems against Trojan horses, users should use virus scanners and be careful with downloaded software or e†mail attachments. However usage of one-time passwords (OTP) solves only credential stealing and the confirmation codes are not linked with authorising transaction which made more vulnerable to the viruses. Summary: Finally, from the above discussions we can understand that the bank industries faces an enormous growth with the help of   Internet banking facilities and also we can realize that how Internet banking becomes a negative aspect for the banking industry in the means of security issues which cannot be able to completely prevented with the use of existing counter measures. In the next step we can find out and analyse whether Bio-Metric technology is capable of providing a secured way of authentication in Internet banking to overcome the security threats. References: (Butler, 2007; Johnny, 2007; Burton, 2008; Cranor, 2008; Fyffe, 2008; Gerald Goh Guan Gan, 2008; Janice C. Sipior, 2008; Lee, 2008; Rachwald, 2008; Internet Banking Fraud: Why is Online Banking so Popular? , 2009; Abdullah Alnajim, 2009b; a; Aravind Duraiswamy, 2009; Felix Leder, 2009; Kishore, 2009; Paget, 2009; Shih-Yao Dai, 2009; Zakaria Karim, 2009; Michal Polasik, 2009 ; Aycock, 2010; Binshan Lin, 2010; Clutterbuck, 2010; Francisco Muà ±oz-Leiva, 2010; Gendron, 2010; Griffiths, 2010; Hui Wang, 2010; Miko, 2010; Muththolib Sidheeq, 2010; Petr Hanaeek, 2010; PONNURANGAM KUMARAGURU LORRIE FAITH CRANOR, 2010; Shruti Singh, 2010; Hisamatsu, 2010 ; Burkhard Stiller, 2011; Hossain Shahriar 2011; Laerte Peotta Jr, 2011; Pravin Soni, 2011; Wajeb Gharibi, 2011) Abdullah Alnajim, M. M. (2009a) An Approach to the Implementation of the Anti- Phishing Tool for Phishing Websites Detection, 2009 International Conference on Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems. IEEE. 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Available at: cs.virginia.edu/~robins/Can_Phishing_be_Foiled.pdf (Accessed: 30 March 2011). Felix Leder, T. W., Peter Martini (2009) Proactive Botnet Countermeasures – An Offensive Approache. Germany: University of Bonn [Online]. Available at: http://net.cs.uni-bonn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/leder/proactivebotnetcountermeasures.pdf (Accessed: 31 March 2011). Francisco Muà ±oz-Leiva, T. L.-M., Juan Snchez-Fernndez (2010) How to improve trust toward electronic banking, Online Information Review,   34 (6), pp. 907-934   [Online]. Available at: emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=1468-4527volume=34issue=6articleid=1896453show=html (Accessed: 19 March 2011). Fyffe, G. (2008) Addressing the insider threat , Network Security,   2008 (3), pp. 11-14   [Online]. Available at: http://jr3tv3gd5w.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.comrft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journalrft.genre=articlerft.atitle=Addressing+the+insider+threatrft.jtitle=Network+Securityrft.au=Fyffe%2C+Georgerft.date=2008-01-01rft.issn=1353-4858rft.volume=2008rft.issue=3rft.spage=11rft.epage=14rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS1353-4858%2808%2970031-Xrft.externalDBID=n%2Farft.externalDocID=10_1016_S1353_4858_08_70031_X (Accessed: 21 March 2011). Gendron, M. (2010) Trusteer Warns Financial Malware is Attacking; Leading US Banks Using Visa and MasterCard Hoax Trojan Injects Enrollment Screen for Verified by Visa and MasterCard SecureCode Security Programs during Online Banking Sessions, M2 Presswire, 14 July [Online]. Available at: http://jr3tv3gd5w.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.comrft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journalrft.genre=newsrft.atitle=Trusteer+Warns+Financial+Malware+is+Attacking%3B+Leading+US+Banks+Using+Visa+and+MasterCard+Hoax+Trojan+Injects+Enrollment+Screen+for+Verified+by+Visa+and+MasterCard+SecureCode+Security+Programs+during+Online+Banking+Sessionsrft.jtitle=M2+Presswirerft.date=2010-01-01rft.pub=Normans+Media+Ltdrft.externalDBID=n%2Farft.externalDocID=231533464 (Accessed: 26 March 2011). Gerald Goh Guan Gan, T. N. L., Goh Choon Yih Uchenna Cyril Eze (2008) Phishing: A Growing Challenge for Internet Banking Providers in Malaysia, Journal of Internet Banking,   5, pp. 133-141   [Online]. Available at: ibimapublishing.com/journals/CIBIMA/volume5/v5n17.pdf (Accessed: 20 March 2011). Griffiths, M. H. K. (2010) Online banking hit by new trojan virus: Criminals plunder accounts without trace, The Times August 11, p. 3. [Online]. Available at: http://jr3tv3gd5w.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.comrft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journalrft.genre=newsrft.atitle=Online+banking+hit+by+new+trojan+virusrft.jtitle=The+Timesrft.au=Katherine+Griffithsrft.au=Mike+Harveyrft.date=2010-08-11rft.issn=0140-0460rft.spage=3rft.externalDBID=TOFLrft.externalDocID=2106969741 (Accessed: 21 March 2011). Hisamatsu, A. P., D. Nishantha, G.G.D. (2010) Online banking and modern approaches toward its enhanced security, Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT) 2010 : The 12th International Conference onPhoenix Park 7-10th February IEEE Xplore pp. 1459 1463 [Online]. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tparnumber=5440305 (Accessed: 17 March 2011). Hossain Shahriar , M. Z. (2011) Trustworthiness testing of phishing websites: A behavior model-based approach, Future Generation Computer Systems,   [Online]. Available at: sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6V06-5265S47-1-1_cdi=5638_user=122879_pii=S0167739X11000045_origin=gateway_coverDate=02%2F16%2F2011_sk=999999999view=cwchp=dGLbVlW-zSkWAmd5=244583ca30474732386b5fab04504a2fie=/sdarticle.pdf (Accessed: 19 March 2011). Hui Wang, D. H., Shufen Liu (2010) Research On Security Architecture MSIS For Defending Insider Threat, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Computer Science and Computational Technology : (ISCSCT ’10). China 14-15 August. China: academy publisher.com pp. 389-392. [Online]. Available at: http://academypublisher.com/proc/iscsct10/papers/iscsct10p389.pdf (Accessed: 21 March 2011). Internet Banking Fraud: Why is Online Banking so Popular?.   (2009) [Online]. Available at: spamlaws.com/onlinebanking-fraud.html (Accessed: 26 March 2011). Janice C. Sipior, B. T. W. (2008) User perceptions of software with embedded spyware, Journal of Enterprise Information Management,   21 (1), 2008, pp. 13-23   [Online]. Available at: http://jr3tv3gd5w.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.comrft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journalrft.genre=articlerft.atitle=User+perceptions+of+software+with+embedded+spywarerft.jtitle=Journal+of+Enterprise+Information+Managementrft.au=Janice+C.+Sipiorrft.au=Burke+T.+Wardrft.date=2008-01-01rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing+Limitedrft.issn=1741-0398rft.volume=21rft.issue=1rft.spage=13rft.epage=23rft_id=info:doi/10.1108%2F17410390810842228rft.externalDBID=LIMrft.externalDocID=10.1108%2F17410390810842228 (Accessed: 27 March 2011). Johnny (2007) Does Anti-Phishing Training Work?   [Online]. Available at: cs.cmu.edu/~jasonh/publications/apwg-ecrime2007-johnny.pdf (Accessed: 30 March 2011). Kishore, K. L. (2009) E Banking(CS05B034 )   [Online]. Available at: http://netlab.cs.iitm.ernet.in/cs648/2009/assignment1/cs05b034.pdf (Accessed: 31 March 2011). Laerte Peotta, M. D. H., Bernardo M. David, Flavio G. Deus, Rafael Jr, T. d. S. (2011) A FORMAL CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNET BANKING ATTACKS AND VULNERABILITIES, International Journal of Computer Science Information Technology (IJCSIT),   3 (1) [Online]. Available at: http://airccse.org/journal/jcsit/0211ijcsit13.pdf (Accessed: 18 March 2011). Lee, M.-C. (2008) Factors influencing the adoption of internet banking: An integration of TAM and TPB with perceived risk and perceived benefit , Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,   8 (3), pp. 130-141   [Online]. 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Miko, K. (2010) Internet Banking Attacks. Prague: DCIT [Online]. Available at: dcit.cz/cs/system/files/CEPOL_Internet-Banking-Attacks.pdf (Accessed: 31 March 2011). Muththolib Sidheeq, A. D., Geetha Kananparan (2010) Utilizing Trusted Platform Module to Mitigate Botnet Attacks , International Journal of Advancements in Computing Technology,   2 (5), pp. 111-117   [Online]. Available at: aicit.org/ijact/ppl/12_IJACT6-187020.pdf (Accessed: 31 March 2011). Paget, F. (2009) Financial Fraud and Internet Banking: Threats and Countermeasures. California: McAfee [Online]. Available at: mcafee.com/us/resources/reports/rp-financial-fraud-int-banking.pdf (Accessed: 30 March 2011). Petr Hanaeek, K. M., Jiri Schafer (2010) E-banking security A comparative study, IEEE,   25 (1), pp. 29-34   [Online]. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=5442151 (Accessed: 26 March 2011). Ponnurangam Kumaraguru, S. S., ALESSANDRO ACQUISTI, LORRIE FAITH CRANOR, J. H. (2010) Teaching Johnny Not to Fall for Phish, ACM Transactions on Internet Technology,   10 (2), pp. 1-31   [Online]. Available at: http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/1760000/1754396/a7-kumaraguru.pdf?key1=1754396key2=0657261031coll=DLdl=ACMip=192.173.4.219CFID=16000505CFTOKEN=34623913 (Accessed: 30 March 2011). Pravin Soni, S. F., B. B. Meshram (2011) A Phishing Analysis of Web Based Systems, ICCCS 11 : Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Communication, Computing Security New York New York: ACM, pp. 527-530. [Online]. Available at: http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/1950000/1948049/p527-soni.pdf?key1=1948049key2=9596401031coll=DLdl=ACMip=192.173.4.213CFID=15108157CFTOKEN=79387292 (Accessed: 20 March 2011). Rachwald, R. (2008) Is banking online safer than banking on the corner?, Computer Fraud Security,   2008 (3), pp. 11-12   [Online]. 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Photography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Photography - Essay Example 126). Inside a darkroom, he made use of light exposure to ensure that different shapes and images are captured on the photographic paper. In the absence of a creative mind, a good photographer will not be able to produce unique and eye capturing images that could give meaningful ideas on the part of the viewers. Considering one of the brilliant collection of Man Ray, figure 1 presented on page 2 illustrate the head of a man and a woman kissing each other. On a piece of photographic paper, the use of sufficient light exposure pointed to the head of the models (with a hand on each side of the head) is not easy to create. Specifically the different shades of light and images we can see on the photograph require sufficient knowledge on photography. This is particularly with regards to the estimated length of time and distance the paper should be placed under certain degree of light exposure. The different shades of images we just observed in figure 1 enables the viewers to appreciate the photo similar to the images that are illustrated in paintings. After observing the works of Man Ray, it is amazing to learn that each photographer has the option to create unique images even without the use of a

Internal combustion engine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Internal combustion engine - Essay Example Since the ports remains open during up word stroke, the actual compression starts only after both inlet and exhaust ports have been closed. So actual compression ratio and the thermal efficiency of the two stroke cycle engine is less than that of four stroke engine of the same dimension. In two stroke cycle engines the number of power strokes per minutes are twice the power strokes of four stroke cycle engine. So the capacity of cooling system used must be higher. The cooling of the engine also presents difficulty as quantity of heat remover per minutes is large. The piston gets over heated due to firing in each revolution and oil cooling of the piston is necessary. In two stroke cycle engine some of the fresh charge is mixed with burnt fuel and exhaust through the exhaust port which causes high fuel consumption. So two stroke cycle engine is not widely used except in the case where size is compact for example light vehicles, scooters, out board motor, motor cycle etc .Large two stroke cycle engine are generally CI engines. Two stroke CI engines are better for slow and moderate speeds.

International business strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International business strategy - Essay Example However, Anthony Salim and his executive leadership group believe that being flexible to these unpredictable and changing dynamics of international culture and business competition is the key to success. Bartlett, Ghoshal & Beamish (2008) identify the concept of the coordinated federation, which is essentially a conglomeration of pre-existing core principles that have found business success at the headquartered centre of the company and then distributed equally across international boundaries. The Salim Group takes the advice of Bartlett et al. in not taking this rather unproductive distribution of core principles and then forcing them throughout the transnational environment and the business’ multiple industries. Instead, Salim advises on being adaptable to changing market conditions. This flexibility is a success factor to be more responsive to the external market environment. For example, the Salim Group faced public backlash with perceived corruption from the Indonesian go vernment between the Salim Group about its investment banking practices (Dieleman, 2006) for divesting 107 different assets to the Indonesian government. ... Though this is only one scenario that occurred with the Salim Group, it indicates that regional government and other influencing bodies in the regulatory environment continue to change the internal dynamics of how the business is operated and/or divested. This is why Salim continues to travel, personally, to different regions of the world to gain an understanding of what is driving governmental forces or cultural forces in key growth markets or existing markets so that the business can be structured accordingly or new strategies developed based on primary data research analysis. This type of flexibility by taking a proactive stand to leadership and research is a key success dynamic. Since more than one legal basis for operations drives this transnational company, such flexibility is a predictor of future success by fully understanding the forces that will impede business success or improve its competitive or public relations position. Anthony Salim is also open to being approached by new investors from multiple regions of the world in order to seize opportunities to expand the business or put it into a better financial position over the long-run. Salim fully recognizes the strengths and weaknesses of the firm, such as his indication that the group is not fluent in technological prowess, thus not having an attitude of superiority in any one division that might not be supported by actual business realities. Salim relies on synergies produced from acquired businesses or other strategic activities involving a secondary business and allows the firm to capitalize on these strengths through acquisition. In many ways, the case study reinforces that Anthony Salim is more focused on consumer relationship management and the marketing principles for

The Disadvantages of Full Day Schools Essay Example for Free

The Disadvantages of Full Day Schools Essay Full day schooling refers to a longer day at preschool where they not only learn but are also given time for play. (Lamphere, 2009) Full day preschools run for five hours or longer for five days a week. Half day preschools run for approximately 3 hours for five days a week. (Rosamilia, 2008) Researchers have constantly compared these two types of schooling and most studies came to a conclusion that full day schools are better than half day schools. There are a few example of studies conducted to show this. Some examples include: A study conducted by Cryan et al.in 1992 in two phases on the effects of half-day and all-day kindergarten programs on childrens academic and behavioral success in school and another study by Hough and Bryde in 1996 which looked at the student achievement data of children enrolled in half day and full day schools. Both studies showed that full day kindergartens benefit children in terms of academic successes, attendance and there are also fewer cases of retention for them. (Clark, 2013) Even though full day schools has its benefits, it also has its disadvantages. This literature review would be focusing on the disadvantages of full day school, be it long term or short term and it would also look into the benefits of other schooling programmes such as half day programs. This review is important it would give a better idea to parents and teacher as to why they should carefully consider other options other than just focusing on full day schools. Due to the limited resources on full day schools and case studies on full day schools, the countries this literature review would be focusing on would be US and Canada. Disadvantages of Full Day Kindergarten According to research, there are a number of disadvantages for Full Day kindergarten. Firstly, there is a lack of spaces for children. According to an article, in Canada, there is a lack of space to accommodate the rising number of children if they change their program to full-day kindergartens. In Calgary, Canada, it is believed that 50 out of 137 elementary schools would not be able to accommodate more than their current half-day school and the implementation of full-day programs would force some grades to be reshuffled to other schools. (Cuthbertson Herald, 2012) In some other articles, in United States, there has been lack of space to set up full-day kindergarten. (Martinez, Stuber, and Snider, 2006; Haglund, n. d. ) Thus, there have been talks going on as to whether they should set up full-day kindergartens in that district. (Placek, 2012) Another disadvantage would be the high cost for full-day programs. This includes the expenses for equipment, staff and space. In the article regarding the changing to the full day program in Canada, they mentioned that the cost of funding it for a year would be around $200 million. Another article stated that it would cost $2 million annually after an initial startup cost of $505,600. And, it would have required another $7 million from the districts reserves to pay for construction of additional classrooms and multipurpose rooms. (Placek, 2012) Another article by a graduate from East Stroudsburg University also states that the amount of money spent on the teachers’ salaries are also high because they now have to hire more teachers for full-day kindergartens. An average teacher in the US would earn about $33,000 a year. Thus, in the case that the kindergarten hires more teachers, they would have to spend about $132,000 to $165,000 per annum just on salaries. This would increase the burden on the taxpayers. (Morse, 2008) This point is also further supported by research conducted previously. (Martinez, Stuber, and Snider, 2006; Hugland, N. A. ; Guilderland Central School District Early Childhood Advisory Committee, 2008) The third disadvantage of full-day kindergarten is that it requires more staff and staff aides. Many articles stating the disadvantages of full day support this point. For example, in one article, it states that when there are half day sessions, one teacher can teach two sessions: one in the morning and one in the afternoon. However, if it is a full-day session, it requires more teachers to teach. They would also need more teacher aides. In the case where the kindergarten does not want to hire more teachers, they would expand each class and add in more teacher aides to balance the teacher-child ratio. In a study conducted at the Guilderland central school district, it also states that they would require more teachers to teach and balance the teacher-child ratio. (Early Childhood Advisory Committee, 2008). Besides these, there are a few more disadvantages to full day kindergartens. They include having more time at school and less time for ‘kids to be kids’. (Circele, 2009; Brower, 2013). It also includes teaching children academic and skills before they are ready for it. (Haglund, N. A. ; Morse, 2008) One of the articles found went on to explain that the kindergarten may teach too advanced skills for children instead of teaching them minor skills which are important. In summary, even though full-day seems like a good option for everyone, it does have its disadvantages. Benefits of Half Day Kindergartens Likewise, half-day school has its benefits. Firstly, half day kindergarten programs are less stressful. According to Walsh (2013), children would feel relaxed while trying to adjust to the structured classroom environment. Furthermore, they are able to make good transitions from kindergarten to first grade. Another source states that half-day programs are viewed as providing continuity and systematic experience with less probability of stress than full-day programs. (Rothenberg, 2009) Secondly, the children also receive the same quality of education as those in full day preschools or kindergartens. (Ast, 2010;Rothernberg, 2009) The children go through similar experiences but just that one is longer and the other is shorter. These show that there are other programs besides full day kindergartens which young chidren can benefit from. Conclusion In the context of Singapore, there isn’t much of an issue about half day versus full day kindergarten. This is because Singapore has mainly focused on half day kindergartens. Some of the reasons as to why that might be the case is similar to the disadvantages stated above. Just like in some parts of Canada and US, Singapore has limited space to set up full-day kindergarten and it requires more sources, equipment and etc. Singapore’s space is already limited in space and it requires more space for other more important things thus, it can’t be used just for kindergartens. Statistics have shown that 15% of Singapore’s land has been located for housing, 17% for recreational and community needs. The rest of the land is used for commerce, industry, infrastructure, utilities and transport and reservoirs, defense facilities and cemetery and undeveloped land. (Yearbook of Statistics Singapore, department of Statistics Singapore[online], 2012) This shows that there isn’t sufficient space to build more kindergartens or expand it. If Singapore was to expand or make kindergartens full day, it would require more teachers or teacher aides. There is also a lack in kindergarten teachers now. Recently, along the roads, many jobs offers for preschool teachers were noticed. This is also supported by a Strait Times article on 20 July 2012. It stated that there is already a shortage of teachers. (Vadaketh, 2012)Thus, if full day kindergartens were established, there would not be enough teachers. Depending on these reasons, I believe that full day kindergarten programs are not applicable really in Singapore. However, if you look at Singapore’s context carefully, full day kindergarten programs are somewhat similar to childcare programmes in Singapore. In this context, Singaporeans can choose what kind of schooling programs they want to send their child to. The kindergarten programmes are standardized by the Ministry of Education (MOE) to be 3 hours per session. (MOE,2013) As for Childcare, it is a full day program and is also available for half day on Saturdays. The two main factors determining which programme they would send their child to would be whether they are working and the cost of the programme. Parents of children these days are usually working adults. They do not have time to take care of their children because they are working. Thus, they would rather send them to childcares because it is more convenient and safe. If they were working and they send their child to half day kindergartens, they have to make other arrangements for their child so that the child would not be left alone. While full day kindergartens may be more convenient for working adults, half day schools (kindergartens) are cheaper. According to the list of kindergartens found on the Investmentfriend. com forum, the pricing ranges from as low as $80 to $500. However, the costs of childcare centres are about $700 and above, depending on the childcare. Thus, some parents might not be able to afford childcare and would send their child to half day kindergartens. Thus, all in all I believe that the choice of schooling depends on each family and individual if childcare was seen as an full day kindergarten program. References Clark, P. (2013). Recent research on all-day kindergarten | education. com. Retrieved from http://www. education. com/reference/article/Ref_Recent_Research_All/? Lamphere, M. (2009). Full day kindergarten. Retrieved from http://www. slideshare. net/lamph1ml/full-day-kindergarten Haglund, J. (n. d. ). Full-day kindergarten advantages disadvantages | early childhood. Retrieved from http://ec. dpi. wi. gov/ec_ecadflpg Morse, J. (2008). The disadvantages of all-day kindergarten yahoo! voices voice. yahoo. com. Retrieved from http://voices. yahoo. com/the-disadvantages-all-day-kindergarten-1337569. html? cat=25 Placek,C. (2012). No full daykindergarten for all in dist. 203 dailyherald. com. Retrieved from http://www. dailyherald. com/article/20121105/news/711059666/ Cuthbertson , R. , Herald, C. (2012). School promise under threat. Retrieved from http://www2. canada. com/calgaryherald/news/story. html? id=c1b76975-1366-45e4-9bc2d33d7a3ab1b6p=1 Brower, C. (2013). The cons of full-day kindergarten | ehow. com. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/info_8660784_cons-full-day-kindergarten-programs. html Guilderland Central School District Early Childhood Advisory Committee. (2009). Report on full-day kindergarten. Retrieved from http://www. guilderlandschools. org/district/boe/PDFs/reports/FDKPPT110508. pdf Ast, A. (2010). Half day vs full day kindergarten: Is there really a difference? yahoo! voices voices. yahoo. com. Retrieved from http://voices. yahoo. com/half-day-vs-full-day-kindergarten-there-really-6839874. html? cat=25 Walsh, K. (2013). Pros cons of half day kindergarten | ehow. com. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/info_8502607_pros-cons-halfday-kindergarten. html Kindergarten fees list. (2011). Retrieved from http://investmentfriend. com/forum/showthread. php/25-Kindergarten-Fees-List Vadaketh, S. T. (2012). Tackling preschool challenges in Singapore. The StraitTimes. Retrieved from http://ifonlysingaporeans. blogspot. sg/2012/07/tackling-preschool-challenges-in. html MOE. (2013). Ministry of education, Singapore education system: Pre-school Education. Retrieved from http://www. moe. gov. sg/education/preschool/.

Study Abroad :: essays research papers

Going on this fourteen day Caribbean Cruise was the best time of my life! It was so much fun socially and it was extremely educational. This trip gave me the opportunity to experience things I never would have imagined. Touring the hotels and resorts made me want to pursue this major even more than I previously had. Now that I have had the behind-the-scenes and up close look at the career I am positive I made the right career decision.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whether it be swimming with Sting Rays, snorkeling with exotic fish, or even just staring off into the endless ocean, each and every one thing I received the opportunity to do on this trip I am thankful for. All are things I have not really previously experienced and really did not even expect to. Not only were these experiences incredible but witnessing first hand $125,000 dollar a night hotel rooms and touring the most luxurious resorts in the world are all experiences that not many people get to do. Those that do get to do these amazing things are very lucky. Only seeing and learning half of what we did on this study abroad would have made me content. I honestly do not think I could have asked for a more educational yet extremely great and fun experience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The one day that specifically sticks out in my head was the day in Atlantis when we toured several hotels and resorts. I enjoyed this because it was such a learning experience. Comparing all of the different resorts really helped me to pinpoint what it is exactly I want to do in the industry. This tour consisted of four tours through some of the most popular hotels and resorts in the Bahamas. Actually, some of the most respected hotel resorts in the world. The hotel resorts that we explored were the, Radisson Cable Beach and Golf Resort, The Nassau Beach Hotel, The Wyndham Nassau Resort and Sandals Resort.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Nassau Beach Hotel seemed to be geared more toward teens and college students. There were a lot of younger people there and there were even some other college groups there. Also the hotel had brochures and signs about Spring Break and group packages for students. Wyndham Nassau Resort I feel directed a lot of attention toward their convention area and their conference areas, so that makes me think they target some company and group markets.